07.05.2013 | Yoko Tsushima; Syukuro Manabe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

In the climate system, two types of radiative feedback are in operation. The feedback of the first kind involves the radiative damping of the vertically uniform temperature perturbation of the troposphere and Earth’s surface that approximately follows the Stefan–Boltzmann law of blackbody ...

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07.05.2013 | Yu Kosaka; Shang-Ping Xie; Ngar-Cheung Lau; Gabriel A. Vecchi, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

Summer climate in the Northwestern Pacific (NWP) displays large year-to-year variability, affecting densely populated Southeast and East Asia by impacting precipitation, temperature, and tropical cyclones. The Pacific–Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern provides a crucial link of high ...

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30.04.2013 | Weiyang Li; Guangyuan Zheng; Yuan Yang; Zhi Wei Seh; Nian Liu; Yi Cui, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

Sulfur is an exciting cathode material with high specific capacity of 1,673 mAh/g, more than five times the theoretical limits of its transition metal oxides counterpart. However, successful applications of sulfur cathode have been impeded by rapid capacity fading caused by multiple ...

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30.04.2013 | Joshua J. Cardiel; Alice C. Dohnalkova; Neville Dubash; Ya Zhao; Perry Cheung; Amy Q. Shen, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

Surfactant molecules can self-assemble into various morphologies under proper combinations of ionic strength, temperature, and flow conditions. At equilibrium, wormlike micelles can transition from entangled to branched and multiconnected structures with increasing salt concentration. Under ...

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23.04.2013 | James Hansen; Makiko Sato; Reto Ruedy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

Stone et al. (1) find that their analysis is unable to show a causal relation of local temperature anomalies, such as in Texas in 2011, with global warming. It was because of limitations in such local analyses that we reframed the problem in our report (2), separating the task of...

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23.04.2013 | Xinzheng Zhang; Ju Sheng; Pavel Plevka; Richard J. Kuhn; Michael S. Diamond; Michael G. Rossmann, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

We report on a conformational transition of dengue virus when changing the temperature from that present in its mosquito vectors to that of its human host. Using cryoelectron microscopy, we show that although the virus has a smooth surface, a diameter of ∼500 Å, and little exposed membrane at ...

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23.04.2013 | Dáithí A. Stone; Christopher J. Paciorek; Prabhat; Pardeep Pall; Michael Wehner, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

In PNAS, Hansen et al. (1) document an observed planet-wide increase in the frequency of extremely hot months and a decrease in the frequency of extremely cold months, consistent with earlier studies (2). This analysis is achieved through aggregation of gridded monthly temperature ...

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16.04.2013 | Christoph J. Sahle; Christian Sternemann; Christian Schmidt; Susi Lehtola; Sandro Jahn; Laura Simonelli; Simo Huotar ..., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

We report on the microscopic structure of water at sub- and supercritical conditions studied using X-ray Raman spectroscopy, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory. Systematic changes in the X-ray Raman spectra with increasing pressure and temperature are ...

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16.04.2013 | Li Zhang; Yue Meng; Przemyslaw Dera; Wenge Yang; Wendy L. Mao; Ho-kwang Mao, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

Knowledge of the structural properties of mantle phases is critical for understanding the enigmatic seismic features observed in the Earth’s lower mantle down to the core–mantle boundary. However, our knowledge of lower mantle phase equilibria at high pressure (P) and temperature (T) ...

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16.04.2013 | Giulia Galli; Ding Pan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue, 2013

Water, the fluid of life at ambient pressure (P) and temperature (T), is mostly present under supercritical conditions in the Earth’s crust and mantle (1): that is, above the vapor-liquid critical point (647 K and 221 MPa). As a free fluid or dissolved in silicate minerals, supercritical ...

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