Acetonitrile is the chemical compound with formula CH₃CN. This colourless liquid is the simplest organic nitrile and is widely used as a solvent.

Industrial applications

Acetonitrile is used as a solvent but also as an intermediate in the production of many chemicals ranging from pesticides to perfumes. Production trends for acetonitrile generally follow those of acrylonitrile. The four main producers of acetonitrile in the United States are: INEOS, DuPont, J.T. Baker Chemical, and Sterling Chemicals. In 1992, 32.3 million pounds (14,700 t) of acetonitrile were produced in the United States of America.^{[citation needed]}

Laboratory uses

Acetonitrile is commonly the solvent of choice for testing an unknown chemical reaction. It is polar with a convenient liquid range. It dissolves a wide range of compounds without complications due to the fact that it contains no acidic protons. Acetone has similar properties but is more acidic and more reactive toward bases and nucleophiles.

In inorganic chemistry, acetonitrile is widely employed as a displaceable ligand where it is abbreviated MeCN. A good example is the use of PdCl₂(MeCN)₂ prepared by refluxing polymeric palladium chloride in acetonitrile.

It is a popular solvent in cyclic voltammetry because of its relatively high dielectric constant. MeCN is a two-carbon building block in organic synthesis.^[1] Acetonitrile is also commonly used in column chromatography and the more modern high performance liquid chromatography where it serves as a mobile phase in the separation of molecules.

Safety

Acetonitrile is toxic and flammable. It is metabolized into hydrogen cyanide and thiocyanate.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. ^ DiBiase, S. A.; Beadle, J. R.; Gokel, G. W.. "Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Nitriles from Acetonitrile: Cyclohexylideneacetonitrile and Cinnamonitrile". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 7: 108.